Scenario: "Saint John": what is writing to this log file?

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Public

Description: A developer created a testing program that is continuously writing to a log file /var/log/bad.log and filling up disk. You can check for example with tail -f /var/log/bad.log.
This program is no longer needed. Find it and terminate it. Do not delete the log file.

Test: The log file size doesn't change (within a time interval bigger than the rate of change of the log file).

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 10 minutes.

Scenario: "Saskatoon": counting IPs.

Level: Easy

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: There's a web server access log file at /home/admin/access.log. The file consists of one line per HTTP request, with the requester's IP address at the beginning of each line (first column).

Find what's the IP address that has the most requests in this file (there's no tie; the IP is unique). Write the solution into a file /home/admin/highestip.txt. For example, if your solution is "1.2.3.4", you can do echo "1.2.3.4" > /home/admin/highestip.txt

NOTE: The solution IP shows 482 times, ie grep -c -F -f highestip.txt access.log returns 482, if your solution has a different (lower) number you got the wrong most common IP.

Test: The SHA1 checksum of the IP address sha1sum /home/admin/highestip.txt is 6ef426c40652babc0d081d438b9f353709008e93 (just a way to verify the solution without giving it away, we also accept the right IP with no ending newline in the file.)

The

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "The Command Line Murders"

Level: Easy

Type: Do

Access: Public

Description: This is the Command Line Murders with a small twist as in the solution is different

Enter the name of the murderer in the file /home/admin/mysolution, for example echo "John Smith" > ~/mysolution

Hints are at the base of the /home/admin/clmystery directory. Enjoy the investigation!

Test: md5sum ~/mysolution returns 9bba101c7369f49ca890ea96aa242dd5

(You can always see /home/admin/agent/check.sh to see how the solution is evaluated).

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Resumable Server": Linux Upskill Challenge

Level: Easy

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: This is a Debian 11 server without a challenge; it's for you to do as you please.

It's meant in principle for guided tutorials like the Linux Upskill Challenge, with some limitations (there's still no outgoing Internet access).

Once you are done with your task, you can stop (pause) your server from your dashboard.

From the dashboard at any time you can restart the stopped server to continue your tasks or you can stop the server if it's running. You can also destroy it at any time.

After 30 mins, the server will be stopped. You can restart it from the dashboard.

This is a "beta" feature and there can be some issues.

Test: None

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Lhasa": Easy Math

Level: Easy

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: There's a file /home/admin/scores.txt with two columns (the first number is a line number and the second one is a test score for example).

Find the average (more precisely; the arithmetic mean: sum of numbers divided by how many numbers are there) of the numbers in the second column (find the average score).

Use exactly two digits to the right of the decimal point. i. e., use exaclty two "decimal digits" without any rounding. Eg: if average = 21.349 , the solution is 21.34. If average = 33.1 , the solution is 33.10.

Save the solution in the /home/admin/solution file, for example: echo "123.45" > ~/solution

Tip: There's bc, Python3, Golang and sqlite3 installed in this VM.

Test: md5sum /home/admin/solution returns 6d4832eb963012f6d8a71a60fac77168 solution

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Apia": Needle in a Haystack

Level: Easy

Type: Do

Access: Paid

Description: In a directory /home/admin/data, there are multiple files, all of them with same content. One of these files has been modified, a word was added. You need to identify which word it is and put it in the solution file (both newline terminated or not are accepted).

Test: md5sum /home/admin/solution should return 55aba155290288b58e9b778c8f616560 or 2eeefea9fc4b16ea624bed5c67a49d80

Check My Solution: The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Bata": Find in /proc

Level: Easy

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: A spy has left a password in a file in /proc/sys . The contents of the file start with "secret:" (without the quotes).

Find the file and save the word after "secret:" to the file /home/admin/secret.txt with a newline at the end (e.g. if the file contents were "secret:password" do: echo "password" > /home/admin/secret.txt).

(Note there's no root/sudo access in this scenario).

Test: Running md5sum /home/admin/secret.txt returns a7fcfd21da428dd7d4c5bb4c2e2207c4

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 10 minutes.

Scenario: Linux Server Review - Guided Learning

Level: Easy

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: This is a guided learning scenario. Follow this Linux Server Review Scenario Guide

The purpose of this scenario is to review a Linux server and be able to answer questions like:

• What's the purpose of the server?
• What's the hardware (CPU / RAM / disk / net) utilization of the server? is there a problem there?
• What is running and what's going on in the server?

Note: This challenge doesn't have a specific solution (there's no "Check My Solution")

Test: (there's no test)

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Tokamachi": Troubleshooting a Named Pipe

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: There's a process reading from the named pipe /home/admin/namedpipe.

If you run this command that writes to that pipe:

/bin/bash -c 'while true; do echo "this is a test message being sent to the pipe" > /home/admin/namedpipe; done' &

And check the reader log with tail -f reader.log

You'll see that after a minute or so it works for a while (the reader receives some messages) and then it stops working (no more received messages are printed to the reader log or it takes a long time to process one). Troubleshoot and fix (for example changing the writer command) so that the writer keeps sending the messages and the reader is able to read all of them.

Test: There should be a process running where a message is being sent to the pipe and that while that is running, another message can be sent to the pipe and read back.
The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Yokohama": Linux Users Working Together

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: There are four Linux users working together in a project in this server: abe, betty, carlos, debora.

First, they have asked you as the sysadmin, to make it so each of these four users can read the project files of the other users in the /home/admin/shared directory, but none of them can modify a file that belongs to another user. Users should be able modify their own files.

Secondly, they have asked you to modify the file shared/ALL so that any of these four users can write more content to it, but previous (existing) content cannot be altered.

Test: All users (abe, betty, carlos, debora) can write to their own files. None of them can write to another user's file.
All users can add more content (append)) to the shared/project_ALL file but none can change its current content.
The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Fukuoka": Forbidden Association

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: There's a web server running on this host but curl localhost returns the default 404 Not Found page.

Fix the issue so that a file is served correctly and the message Welcome to the Real Site! is returned.

Test: Running curl localhost should return HTTP 200 with the message Welcome to the Real Site!.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Rio de Janeiro": Do we have another option?

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: This scenario server is dedicated to Jenkins, a Java application managed by systemd. Jenkins is failing to start. Troubleshoot and find the problem, then apply the solution so Jenkins runs properly.

Test: The service must return the string "Sign in - Jenkins" amongst some other html code. You can check with the command curl -s localhost:8888/login | grep Jenkins | head -n1

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Nuuk": More SSH Troubles

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: (NOTE: if you are a Pro user, you cannot SSH directly into this VM; click the "Open the Server Terminal" button to use the web browser instead).

SSH seems broken in this server. The user admin has an id_ed25519 SSH key pair in their ~/.ssh directory with the public key in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys but ssh 127.0.0.1 won't work.

Test: You can ssh locally, i.e. ssh admin@127.0.0.1 works.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 10 minutes.

Scenario: "Cairo": Time for a Timer

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: A critical health check script at /opt/scripts/health.sh is supposed to run every 10 seconds. This check is triggered by a systemd timer.
The script's job is to check the local Nginx server and write its status (e.g., "STATUS: OK") to the log file at /var/log/health.log.
The log file is not being updated, and it appears the health check is failing.

Find out why the health check system is broken and fix it. The check will pass once the /var/log/health.log file is being correctly updated by the timer with a STATUS: OK message.

Test: The /opt/scripts/health.sh script writes STATUS: OK to /var/log/health.log every 10 seconds.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Alexandria": The Vanishing Backups

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: A critical backup cron job has silently stopped working 3 days ago. The backup script is located at /opt/backup/backup.sh and should create daily backups in /var/backups/daily/, but no new backups have been created recently.

Looking at the backup directory, you can see old backup files from a few days ago, proving the system used to work. However, there are no error emails, no obvious error logs, and the cron service appears to be running normally.

Fix ALL issues preventing the backups from running, so that backups are created successfully and reliably.

Test directory: /var/backups/daily/
Backup script: /opt/backup/backup.sh

Test: The solution will be validated by checking if a backup file has been created in the last 10 minutes.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 5 minutes.

Scenario: "Kortenberg": Can't touch this!

Level: Easy

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: Is "All I want for Christmas is you" already everywhere?. A bit unrelated, someone messed up the permissions in this server, the admin user can't list new directories and can't write into new files. Fix the issue.
NOTE: Besides solving the problem in your current admin shell session, you need to fix it permanently, as in a new login shell for user "admin" (like the one initiated by the scenario checker) should have the problem fixed as well.

Test: The admin user in a separate Bash login session should be able to create a new directory in your /home/admin directory, as well as being able to create a file into this new directory and add text into the new file.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Manhattan": can't write data into database.

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Public

Description: Your objective is to be able to insert a row in an existing Postgres database. The issue is not specific to Postgres and you don't need to know details about it (although it may help).

Helpful Postgres information: it's a service that listens to a port (:5432) and writes to disk in a data directory, the location of which is defined in the data_directory parameter of the configuration file /etc/postgresql/14/main/postgresql.conf. In our case Postgres is managed by systemd as a unit with name postgresql.

Test: (from default admin user) sudo -u postgres psql -c "insert into persons(name) values ('jane smith');" -d dt

Should return:INSERT 0 1

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Cape Town": Borked Nginx

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: There's an Nginx web server installed and managed by systemd. Running curl -I 127.0.0.1:80 returns curl: (7) Failed to connect to localhost port 80: Connection refused , fix it so when you curl you get the default Nginx page.

Test: curl -Is 127.0.0.1:80|head -1 returns HTTP/1.1 200 OK

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Oaxaca": Close an Open File

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: The file /home/admin/somefile is open for writing by some process. Close this file without killing the process.

Test: lsof /home/admin/somefile returns nothing.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Melbourne": WSGI with Gunicorn

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: There is a Python WSGI web application file at /home/admin/wsgi.py , the purpose of which is to serve the string "Hello, world!". This file is served by a Gunicorn server which is fronted by an nginx server (both servers managed by systemd). So the flow of an HTTP request is: Web Client (curl) -> Nginx -> Gunicorn -> wsgi.py . The objective is to be able to curl the localhost (on default port :80) and get back "Hello, world!", using the current setup.

Test: curl -s http://localhost returns Hello, world! (serving the wsgi.py file via Gunicorn and Nginx)

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Lisbon": etcd SSL cert troubles

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: There's an etcd server running on https://localhost:2379 , get the value for the key "foo", ie etcdctl get foo or curl https://localhost:2379/v2/keys/foo

Test: etcdctl get foo returns bar.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Kihei": Surely Not Another Disk Space Scenario

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: There is a /home/admin/kihei program. Make the changes necessary so it runs succesfully, without deleting the /home/admin/datafile file.

Test: Running /home/admin/kihei returns Done..

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Paris": Where is my webserver?

Level: Medium

Type: Hack

Access: Email

Description: A developer put an important password on his webserver localhost:5000 . However, he can't find a way to recover it. This scenario is easy to to once you realize the one "trick".

Find the password and save it in /home/admin/mysolution , for example: echo "somepassword" > ~/mysolution

Scenario credit: PuppiestDoggo

Test: md5sum ~/mysolution returns d8bee9d7f830d5fb59b89e1e120cce8e

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Marrakech": Word Histogram

Level: Medium

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: Find in the file frankestein.txt the second most frequent word and save in UPPER (capital) case in the /home/admin/mysolution file.

A word is a string of characters separated by space or newlines or punctuation symbols .,:; . Disregard case ('The', 'the' and 'THE' is the same word) and for simplification consider the apostrophe as another character not as punctuation ("it's" would be a word, distinct from "it" and "is"). Also disregard plurals ("car" and "cars" are different words) and other word variations (don't do "stemming").

We are providing a shorter test.txt file where the second most common word in upper case is "WORLD", so we could save this solution as: echo "WORLD" > /home/admin/mysolution

This problem can be done with a programming language (Python, Golang and sqlite3) or with common Linux utilities.

Test: echo "SOLUTION" | md5sum returns 19bf32b8725ec794d434280902d78e18

See /home/admin/agent/check.sh for the test that "Check My Solution" runs.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Manado": How much do you press?

Level: Medium

Type: Do

Access: Paid

Description: You have been tasked with compressing the file /home/admin/names, which is 35147 bytes, to a size smaller than 9400 bytes. You can use any compressing tool at your disposal (there are many available in the server), also you can modify the file without deleting anything in it. Put the solution (compressed file) in the /home/user/admin/solution directory with the default extension used by the compression tool (example: ~/solution/names.gzip).

Test: The size of the compressed file is smaller than 9400 bytes.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Moyogalpa": Security Snag. The Trials of Mary and John

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: Mary and John are working on a Golang web application, and the security team has asked them to implement security measures. Unfortunately, they have broken the application, and it no longer functions. They need your help to fix it.

The fixed application should be able to allow clients to communicate with the application over HTTPS without ignoring any checks. (eg: curl https://webapp:7000/users.html) and serve its static files.

Test: curl https://webapp:7000/users.html should return the content of file.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Bekasi": Supervisor is still around

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: There is an nginx service running on port 443, it is the main web server for the company and looks like a new employee has deployed some changes to the configuration of supervisor and now it is not working as expected.

If you try to access curl -k https://bekasi it should return Hello SadServers! but for some reason it is not.

You cannot modify files from the /home/admin/bekasi folder in order to pass the check.sh

You must find out what the issue is and fix it.

Test: curl -k https://bekasi returns Hello SadServers!

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Tukaani": XZ LZMA Library Compromised

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: (You can learn about Linux Libraries before starting this scenario).

The Linux shared library liblzma.so has been compromised (the real compromised XZ Utils liblzma has not been used). The liblzma.so at the path /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblzma.so.5.2.5 is the good one. Consider the same library liblzma.so.5.2.5 at other paths as compromised or malicious (ideally we would have used other real versions with different checksums).

Find all instances of this "malicious" liblzma library (remember, it's the same library but in different directory locations) and make it so none of the running processes use it, while the applications "webapp" and "jobapp" (both of which managed by systemd) still run properly (eg, stopping those applications is not a solution).

Test: lsof | grep liblzma.so.5 returns only the liblzma in the path: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/liblzma.so.5.2.5

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Hanoi": Find the Multitasking Users

Level: Medium

Type: Do

Access: Paid

Description: The Hanoi office has a Linux server with a large number of user accounts and groups. The system administrators need to identify which users belong to multiple groups for better access management.

Given two files, `users.txt` and `groups.txt`, create a new file `/home/admin/multi-group-users.txt` containing the usernames of users who belong to more than one group, one username per line, sorted alphabetically.

The `users.txt` file contains a list of usernames, one per line. The `groups.txt` file contains group names and their members, in the format `group_name:user1,user2,user3`.

Test: Running md5sum /home/admin/multi-group-users.txt returns dc0ae86caae7125d21df03a0ab29d8ae

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Batumi": Troubleshoot "A" cannot connect to "B"

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: (To learn the skills to solve this challenge, see Can't Connect to a Service: Linux Troubleshooting Guide)

There is a web server (Caddy) on HTTP port :80 but curl http://127.0.0.1 doesn't work. Find out what's wrong and make the necessary fixes so the web server returns a URL.

Note: as a limitation, the file /home/admin/db_connector.py must not be modified so that the challenge is considered solved properly.
The web server has to respond on the IP address 127.0.0.1; not only on "localhost".

Test: The command curl http://127.0.0.1 returns a URL address.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Budapest": User Creation

Level: Medium

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: Given the file user_list.txt you must create all the users specified in the file with their corresponding passwords.

The entries in the user_list.txt file are stored as username;password

Test: All users are created with the right password.
The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Tokelau": Delete from history

Level: Medium

Type: Do

Access: Email

Description: Inspired by this nixCraft article.

The objective of this exercise is to delete all the Bash history lines that contain the term foo.

Clearing out or deleting the history file /home/admin/.bash_history is not allowed. Note that in our case, new commands (including the ones to try and delete "foo" from history) are also appended to the history file.

Test: Running history |grep "foo" returns nothing.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Bizerte": The Slow Application

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: A Python web application running on port 5000 from the /opt directory is experiencing severe performance issues; every request takes more than 5 seconds to complete.
The application is supposed to use the redis-server cache service for speed.

Your mission is to diagnose the performance bottleneck and restore the application to its normal, fast response time.

Do not change the Python application file slow_app.py.

Test: curl localhost:5000 returns Data from FAST cache!

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Kampala": Strange Script Error

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: A developer has been working on Linux deployment scripts on their machine and then transferred the files to a Linux server. However, when they try to execute the scripts, they encounter the mysterious error:

-bash: cannot execute: required file not found

The scripts appear to be syntactically correct, but something is preventing them from executing properly. The developer needs your help to identify and fix the issue so the deployment can proceed.

There are several script files in /home/admin/deploy/ that need to be fixed before the deployment process can work correctly.

Test: All script files in /home/admin/deploy/ should execute without the cannot execute: required file not found error.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 15 minutes.

Scenario: "Bondo": Split my pile!

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: A developer wants to run a program that splits their pile of their data into compressed parts for efficient transport across their network. Unfortunately when the tool runs it never completes.

The application binary in question is called bondo located in /home/admin/bondo.

Run it, then debug and help the developer find the issue.

Test: Executing /home/admin/bondo as admin returns part files generation completed!.

The file /etc/fstab has not been modified and the solution would work on reboot.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Podgorica": Docker to Podman migration

Level: Medium

Type: Do

Access: Paid

Description: You have been tasked with migrating this future web server from using Docker (which uses a daemon) to rootless Podman.
There is already an Nginx Podman image on the server, and your objective is to manage the container created from it using systemd, so the it starts automatically on reboot and continues running unless explicity stopped (the same behaviour expected from a Docker-managed container).
Create a systemd service named container-nginx.service that manages the Podman Nginx container. Enable and start this service.

NOTES: Although a quadlet file solution should be valid, the check script is still not accounting for it.

There is no need to reboot the VM, although if you want you could reboot it from the command line with /sbin/shutdown -r now and refresh or reopen the web console.

Test: The checker script will test if the container-nginx.service is active and enabled, and if it can stop and start the service. It will also verify that curl localhost:8888 returns the default "Welcome to nginx" web page.

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Sumé": Tied in a Knot

Level: Medium

Type: Fix

Access: Email

Description: A DNS server running Knot DNS is serving the zone sadservers.internal (see ls /var/lib/knot/zones/), but users are reporting that they cannot access blog.sadservers.internal neither api.sadservers.internal. Your task is to diagnose and fix the DNS issues so the services become accessible.
You can manage Knot DNS with sudo knotc commands.

Note: the 203.0.113.0/24 range is part of TEST-NET-3, a block reserved by RFC 5737 for documentation and examples, making it a Bogon IP range.

IMPORTANT. Do not change the Nginx configurations under /opt/services/ for the solution to work.

Test: You are able to access the blog and the API services: curl blog.sadservers.internal returns Welcome to blog.sadservers.internal
curl api.sadservers.internal returns {"status": "ok", "service": "api.sadservers.internal"}

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Jakarta": it's always DNS.

Level: Hard

Type: Fix

Access: Public

Description: Can't ping google.com. It returns ping: google.com: Name or service not known. Expected is being able to resolve the hostname. (Note: currently the VMs can't ping outside so there's no automated check for the solution).

Test: ping google.com should return something like PING google.com (172.217.2.46) 56(84) bytes of data.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Hong-Kong": can't write data into database.

Level: Hard

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: (Similar to "Manhattan" scenario but harder). Your objective is to be able to insert a row in an existing Postgres database. The issue is not specific to Postgres and you don't need to know details about it (although it may help).

Postgres information: it's a service that listens to a port (:5432) and writes to disk in a data directory, the location of which is defined in the data_directory parameter of the configuration file /etc/postgresql/14/main/postgresql.conf. In our case Postgres is managed by systemd as a unit with name postgresql.

Test: sudo -u postgres psql -c "insert into persons(name) values ('jane smith');" -d dt

Should return:INSERT 0 1

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Pokhara": SSH and other sshenanigans

Level: Hard

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: A user client was added to the server, as well as their SSH public key.
The objective is to be able to SSH locally (there's only one server) as this user client using their ssh keys. This is, if as root you change to this user sudo su; su client, you should be able to login with ssh: ssh localhost.

Test: As user admin: sudo -u client ssh client@localhost 'pwd' returns /home/client

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Monaco": Disappearing Trick

Level: Hard

Type: Hack

Access: Email

Description: There is a web server on :5000 with a form. POSTing the correct form password into this web service will return a secret.

Save this secret provided by the web page (not the password you sent to it) to /home/admin/mysolution, for example: echo "SecretFromWebSite" > ~/mysolution

TIP: a developer worked on the web server code in this VM, using the same 'admin' account.

Scenario credit: PuppiestDoggo

Test: md5sum /home/admin/mysolution returns a250aa19f16dda6f9fcef286f035ec4b

Time to Solve: 30 minutes.

Scenario: "Zaragoza": Test changing critical files

Level: Hard

Type: Do

Access: Paid

Description: The goal is to make the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh return OK, without editing the original /etc/hosts file.

Think of testing changes in the critical directory /etc in a safe way. In this case, adding "127.0.0.1 my.local.test" to /etc/hosts .

There would be many ways of trying to do this with "sudo" access, like the usual procedure of making a copy of the config file, editing there and copying or renaming back to the original file. In our case, to avoid all those simple solutions, there is no general "sudo" privileges in this scenario (but there may be for some commands).

Test: The string my.local.test is in /etc/hosts

The "Check My Solution" button runs the script /home/admin/agent/check.sh, which you can see and execute.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.

Scenario: "Karakorum": WTFIT – What The Fun Is This?

Level: Hard

Type: Fix

Access: Paid

Description: (NOTE: this is not a new scenario but an existing Pro one temporarily available to all users as the last Advent of SysAdmin 2025 scenario).

There's a binary at /home/admin/wtfit that nobody knows how it works or what it does ("what the fun is this"). Someone remembers something about wtfit needing to communicate to a service in order to start.

Run this wtfit program so it doesn't exit with an error, fixing or working around things that you need but are broken in this server.

Test: Running /home/admin/wtfit returns OK.

Time to Solve: 20 minutes.